La llegada del Tratado de Libre Comercio a Colombia sella la unión entre el Estado y el modelo económico neoliberal, en el que irónicamente se propone la reducción del mismo a la mínima expresión. Como consecuencia de este postulado se avecina una supresión de lo público quedando en manos de los particulares el manejo de las necesidades de los ciudadanos como meros aspectos de mercado. ¿Qué se globaliza? y ¿qué no se globaliza? Son los interrogantes que academia y sociedad debemos (...) responder antes de determinar si conviene o no a nuestros intereses, hacer parte de este modelo civilizatorio dominante. (shrink)

Nuestra época, y seguramente la de las generaciones venideras, desarrolla su vida dentro de los lineamientos trazados por la Carta Política, esto resulta un axioma. Pero no siempre fue así, mucho camino se ha tenido que labrar para llegar a consolidar la realidad que atravesamos. Nuestra actual concepción de la Constitución es producto de muchos años de práctica socio – política y de actividad teórica, y este ensayo pretende, de una manera genérica, por supuesto, mostrar cómo se ha formado este (...) concepto de Constitución en la cultura jurídica moderna, siendo consecuentes con los elementos teóricos del Estado Social de Derecho. (shrink)

En este capítulo se estudia la facultad a prevención contenida en la Ley 1333 de 2009, para analizar la forma en la que el derecho ambiental ha venido construyendo una dogmática y reglas propias, escapando de la tradición del derecho administrativo, así como creando la dogmática propia necesaria para lograr su independencia y consolidación como un área autónoma de la disciplina jurídica. Al respecto, en este ejercicio de reflexión es posible ver cómo la figura aparte de estar diseñada por fuera (...) de la teoría general del acto administrativo, también posee particularidades que la hacen única dentro del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano. (shrink)

En este capítulo se analiza la figura de la obtención vegetal: su alcance, dimensión, requisitos y caracterización frente a otros derechos de propiedad intelectual, para así abordar su ámbito de protección y su tratamiento en el ámbito internacional. Se pretende en este sentido plantear que la tendencia regulatoria en materia de obtenciones vegetales en Colombia no sólo va en contravía de los intereses de los pueblos indígenas, sino además de su patrimonio colectivo que les ha garantizado una gran diversidad que (...) hoy por hoy es sustento de su alimentación. Con lo anterior se lleva a cabo un singular esfuerzo para tratar de forma comprensiva este asunto, buscando la primacía del consentimiento libre, previo e informado de las comunidades potencialmente afectadas. (shrink)

This article addresses the importance of passions and their component of pain and pleasure in Aristotle's ethical reflection. Then, and assuming these antecedents, it analyzes anger and calm from the point of view of Rhetoric, to finally deal with the other painful passions described in this work in a broader way, in search of common aspects. He argues that Rhetoric provides important tools not only to provoke or mitigate a passion, but also to be able to redirect it in a (...) way that is useful for a good speaker in the face of citizen improvement. This implies conceiving the passions, which have an eminently individual character at their origin, also as shared by a community. From the analysis of these texts and the consequences that derive from the study of painful passions, it is possible to extract valuable elements that allow us to enrich our understanding of those aspects that influence community and political life, especially in consideration of the forefront that such passions are acquiring in difficult historical conditions, as it occurs in practice with the current pandemic situation that we have had to face globally. (shrink)

Este artículo busca establecer la relación entre la prudencia, virtud dianoética que articula la vida práctica, y la amistad, en Ética a Nicómaco, Política y Retórica. La amistad exige, para que pueda darse plenamente, conocerse y quererse a sí mismo, más allá del egoísmo y debe trascender el mero interés o el placer. Para esto, la educación cumple un papel fundamental en el sentido de aprender a complacerse y dolerse como es debido, lo que debe ser estimulado en la vida (...) familiar desde los primeros años de vida. La amistad perfecta implica considerar al amigo como otro yo, e incluso llegar a dar la vida por él de ser necesario. Desde una perspectiva política, la amistad ciudadana o concordia tiene un lugar central en una pólis que busca vivir plena y dignamente. Así, pues, prudencia y amistad constituyen la base desde la cual es posible articular de un modo sano tanto la vida personal como comunitaria, y arrojan nueva luz sobre el sentido que es posible dar a la justicia y a la vida buena. (shrink)

El presente artículo consta de tres partes. La primera consiste en analizar el concepto de justicia dentro del pensamiento de David Hume en las obras Tratado de la naturaleza humana e Investigación sobre los principios de la moral. La segunda aplica el el proceso anterior pero a las obras de Jean Rousseau Contrato Social y Discurso sobre el origen de la desigualdad entre los hombres. La tercera establece que las concepciones sobre la justicia, tanto las del escocés como las del (...) ginebrino, poseen contextos y sentidos distintos pero que, en realidad, son posturas que tienen algunas similitudes en lo que respecta al fundamento de la propiedad. (shrink)

Resumen: Este artículo tiene por finalidad indagar sobre las representaciones sociales que se tejen en torno de la educación religiosa escolar (ERE). Para ello, se empleó una investigación cualitativa amparada en una perspectiva hermenéutica y un método narrativo desarrollado a través de redes semánticas naturales y análisis de contenido. El trabajo de campo se realizó con una población de estudiantes de dos instituciones educativas de carácter privado, en la ciudad de Popayán. El análisis permitió identificar los aportes de la ERE (...) a los sujetos abordados, la descripción de sinónimos con los cuales se asocia la ERE y algunas temáticas que se deberían abordar en esta área. Estos tránsitos permitieron analizar las variaciones y tendencias que posibilitan la inferencia de su articulación con la dimensión espiritual. Abstract: The purpose of this article is to investigate the social representations that are woven around school religious education (SRE). To do this, the researchers developed a qualitative research based on a hermeneutical perspective and a narrative method developed through natural semantic networks and content analysis. The fieldwork was carried out with a population of students from two private educational institutions in the city of Popayán, Colombia. The analysis made it possible to identify the contributions of the SRE to the subjects approached, the description of synonyms with which the SRE is associated, and some issues that should be addressed in this area. These transits allowed us to analyze the variations and tendencies that make possible the inference of its articulation with the spiritual dimension. (shrink)

There may be few works of philosophy that accurately integrate dialectical and rhetorical aspects such as Contra Academicos, to the point that it becomes difficult at times to separate these two discursive techniques. This, despite the tension that Augustine points out between, on the one hand, his impulse to move away from the vanity of the rhetoric he learned in his youth, and, on the other, its convenience in achieving the persuasion of his audience. Regarding rhetoric, there are two moments (...) in which it is clearly recognizable in the work: 1) Direct references to “persuasion” and to technical elements specific to oratory; and 2) The implementation of a rhetorical discourse, in this case necessary and not accidental, to complete the argument. In this article, I analyze both aspects systematically, in order to investigate the reasons why this Augustinian dialogue invokes, to achieve its objective, both dialectic and rhetoric. (shrink)

Resumen: El artículo realiza una precisión conceptual respecto a la idea de diferencia trabajada por algunos autores ligados al "pensamiento de la diferencia". Estas diferentes diferencias constituirán una trama en donde cada una se mostrará en su irreductibilidad y constitutiva vinculación a las otras; unas diferencias convergerán con otras o simplemente las desplazarán. La hipótesis es que la diferencia ontológica, la diferrance, la diferencia pura, la diferencia de los cuerpos y la diferencia colonial muestran que el problema de la diferencia, (...) llevado a ámbitos concretos como diferencias de género, diferencias étnicas, etc., ha de ser siempre trabajado desde el carácter irreductiblemente plural de la diferencia.: This article presents the idea of "difference" as discussed by some authors linked "difference thinking". These different differences constitute a drama where each one will be displayed in its irreducibility and its constitutive relationship to the others; some differences will converge with others or simply displace them. Ontological difference, difference, pure difference, the difference of bodies, and colonial difference, show that the problem of difference, when brought into specific areas such as gender, ethnicity, etc., must always be approached from the irreducibly plural nature of difference. (shrink)

The assembly of products or components by operators in industries is a complex task with recurring problems. In these processes, operators often make errors that can lead to defective products. Therefore, they need to be inspected later to verify their correct assembly. The main problems are caused by several reasons including high employee turnover, lack of experience in manufacturing specific products or confusion in interpreting instructions to assemble similar components. In this paper, a novel structured language aimed to describe the (...) required actions to manufacture a product in industrial assembly environments is presented. The main contribution is to provide a formal language to feed automatic systems that can verify through visual control whether the actions performed by the operator are carried out following the standard described by this language. In general, the use of this formal language will allow to minimize the negative impact of errors during assembly and to reduce waste in many forms in the industry. (shrink)

The idea of inclusive collective decision-making is important in establishing democratic legitimacy, but it fails when citizens are excluded. Stated-preference methods of valuation, which are commonly used in economics, have been criticised because the principle of willingness to pay may exclude low-income earners who do not have the capacity to pay. Deliberative valuation has been advocated as a way to overcome this problem, but deliberation may also be exclusive. In this review, two deliberative valuation frameworks are compared. The first is (...) grounded on the idea of rational discourse that emphasises argument at the expense of other communicative strategies. It seeks to secure inclusion through procedural rules and prerequisites, but fails to address the underlying democratic limitation of argumentation. The second does not rely on the distinction between rational and rhetorical speech, and therefore admits alternative forms of communication. This approach recognises differences in the communicative capacities and practices of those who take part in deliberation, and so is better equipped to improve, though not to guarantee, inclusion. (shrink)

El paper realiza una exposición sobre el concepto y contenido de la nulidad y el restablecimiento del derecho como medio de control a la luz de la Ley 1437 de 2011; enfocándola en asuntos ambientales a través del estudio de la licencia ambiental.

Proximity and interpersonal contact are prominent components of social connection. Giving affective touch to others is fundamental for human bonding. This brief report presents preliminary results from a pilot study. It explores if exposure to bonding scenes impacts the activity of specific muscles related to physical interaction. Fingers flexion is a very important component when performing most actions of affectionate contact. We explored the visuo-motor affective interplay by priming participants with bonding scenes and assessing the electromyographic activity of the fingers (...) flexor muscle, in the absence of any overt movements. Photographs of dyads in social interaction and of the same dyads not interacting were employed. We examined the effects upon the electromyographical activity: during the passive exposure to pictures, and during picture offset and when expecting the signal to perform a fingers flexion task. Interacting dyads compared to matched non-interacting dyads increased electromyographic activity of the fingers flexor muscle in both contexts. Specific capture of visual bonding cues at the level of visual cortex had been described in the literature. Here we showed that the neural processing of visual bonding cues reaches the fingers flexor muscle. Besides, previous visualization of bonding cues enhanced background electromyographic activity during motor preparation to perform the fingers flexion task, which might reflect a sustained leakage of central motor activity downstream leading to increase in firing of the respective motor neurons. These data suggest, at the effector level, an implicit visuo-motor connection in which social interaction cues evoke intrinsic dispositions toward affectionate social behavior. (shrink)

Healthcare workers who are on the front line of coronavirus disease 2019 and are also undergoing shift schedules face long work hours with few pauses, experience desynchronization of their circadian rhythm, and an imbalance between work hours effort and reward in saving lives, resulting in an impact on work capacity, aggravated by the lack of personal protective equipment, few resources and precarious infrastructure, and fear of contracting the virus and contaminating family members. Some consequences are sleep deprivation, chronic insomnia, stress-related (...) sleep disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder. These sleep alterations critically affect mental health, precipitating or perpetuating anxiety, stress, and depression, resulting in the inability to regulate positive and negative emotions. Pre-existing sleep disorders are an important risk factor for the development and maintenance of PSTD when individuals are exposed to an important stressor such as a COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, how an individual regulates the emotion associated with worries during daytime functioning impacts nighttime sleep, precipitating and perpetuating difficulties in sleeping. All of these changes in sleep and emotional regulation also alter the immune system. Sleep deprivation is commonly associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, due to the desynchronizations in circadian rhythms, causing possible psychophysiological disorders and impaired neuroimmune-endocrine homeostasis. From this perspective, we clarify in this article how sleep disorders affect the immune system and emotional regulation, explaining their phenomenological and neurobiological mechanisms, and discussing elements of cognitive and behavioral coping for health professionals to adopt and manage a healthier sleep pattern in the COVID-19 outbreak. (shrink)

The global pesticide complex has transformed over the past two decades, but social science research has not kept pace. The rise of an enormous generics sector, shifts in geographies of pesticide production, and dynamics of agrarian change have led to more pesticide use, expanding to farm systems that hitherto used few such inputs. Declining effectiveness due to pesticide resistance and anemic institutional support for non-chemical alternatives also have driven intensification in conventional systems. As an inter-disciplinary network of pesticide scholars, we (...) seek to renew the social science research agenda on pesticides to better understand this suite of contemporary changes. To identify research priorities, challenges, and opportunities, we develop the pesticide complex as a heuristic device to highlight the reciprocal and iterative interactions among agricultural practice, the agrochemical industry, civil society-shaped regulatory actions, and contested knowledge of toxicity. Ultimately, collaborations among social scientists and across the social and biophysical sciences can illuminate recent transformations and their uneven socioecological effects. A reinvigorated critical scholarship that embraces the multifaceted nature of pesticides can identify the social and ecological constraints that drive pesticide use and support alternatives to chemically driven industrial agriculture. (shrink)

En este trabajo se presentan criterios que permiten estimar parámetros de desinfección mediante el uso de luz ultravioleta UV-C de onda corta, en agua, aire y superficies. Se indican métodos para evaluar la dosificación en función de la potencia de la lámpara empleada. Este tipo de estrategia permiten resultados de hasta 99.9% de desinfección, inactivando diferentes tipos de microorganismos. Estas referencias sirven de base para el diseño de dispositivos de utilidad en la presente emergencia por COVID-19, cuyo origen, al ser (...) viral, es susceptible al mismo método de desinfección debido al proceso de dimerización del ADN, donde el daño producido en la estructura celular, afecta la capacidad de reproducción y de funcionalidad. Palabras Clave: luz UV-C o germicida, desinfección UV, dimerización del ADN. Referencias [1]R. Wallace, M. Ouellette and J. Jean, "Effect of UV‐C light or hydrogen peroxide wipes on the inactivation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile spores and norovirus surrogate", Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol. 127, no. 2, pp. 586-597, 2019. [2]J. Vargas, "Efecto de la radiación gamma sobre las características físico - químicas, sensoriales y microbiológicas en páprika en polvo ", Revista ECIPeru, pp. 68-71, 2019. [3]M. Ángeles García y P. Fernández, "Luz ultravioleta e inmunidad", Piel, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 367-368, 2016. [4]W. Pachuau y R. Tiwari, " Deep Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes: Physics, Performance, and Applications", ECS Meetings, 2014. [5]W. Kowalski, Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook, 5th ed. Berlin: Springer Berlin, 2014, pp. 1-13. [6]W. Kowalski, Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook, 5th ed. Berlin: Springer Berlin, 2014, pp. 17-47. [7]"Germicidal Ultraviolet ", Media.ies.org, 2020. [En línea]. Disponible en: https://media.ies.org/docs/standards/IES%20CR-2-20-V1a-20200507.pdf. [Último acceso: 16 de junio de 2020]. [8]J. Bolton y C. Cotton, The ultraviolet disinfection handbook, 3rd ed. Denver, Colo.: American Water Works Association, 2008, pp. 13-33. [9]W. Kowalski, Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook, 5th ed. Berlin: Springer Berlin, 2014, pp. 8-9. [10]P. Aguirre, J. García y R. Mujeriego Sahuquillo, "Desinfección con cloro y luz UV en un proceso convencional de regeneración de agua", Ingeniería del agua, vol. 11, no. 1, p. 75, 2004. (shrink)

Reseña del libro de Karl-Otto Apel: Paradigmas de Filosofía Primera, Andrés Crelier y Miguel Mailluquet (Trad.), Buenos Aires, Prometeo, 2013.

Em 1933, o Governo Provisório liderado por Getúlio Vargas criou o Conselho de Fiscalização das Expedições Artísticas e Científicas no Brasil, com o objetivo de coibir a saída do país de objetos de seu patrimônio natural e artístico e garantir uma parte do que fosse coletado no país para as instituições brasileiras. Num momento de aproximação do Brasil com os Estados Unidos, que competia com a Alemanha por influência no país mesmo antes da eclosão da Segunda Guerra, cientistas e (...) outros exploradores norte-americanos realizaram expedições para coleta de animais e outros objetos naturais, que foram exportados para enriquecer as coleções de museus e outras instituições científicas nos Estados Unidos. Nesse contexto, o Conselho não cumpriu propriamente seu trabalho de fiscalização. Em parte, isso ocorreu em benefício das relações diplomáticas com os norte-americanos; por outro lado, por interesses particulares e disputas institucionais que impediam o pleno exercício de suas funções. Ambos os fatores impediram um trânsito de conhecimento maior entre os dois países, como a incorporação de mais animais às coleções nacionais e um contato maior entre cientistas dos dois países. Além disso, caçadores e colecionadores usaram justificativas científicas para levar um sem-número de animais para o exterior. Os casos analisados neste trabalho demonstram como, mesmo um governo autoritário de inspiração nacionalista, não deu conta de impedir o afluxo de objetos do patrimônio natural para um país aliado. A tese busca mostrar, ainda, como as fronteiras entre caça e ciência eram borradas no período e como isso se refletiu na fiscalização do CFE. (shrink)

Bajo el título Territorio y voluntad comunitaria, la editorial Aula de Hu- manidades, de Bogotá, publicó en 2021 el trabajo de investigación doc- toral de Rodrigo Escobar-Holguín: “El ordenamiento territorial como acto volitivo comunitario. Un enfoque fenomenológico”, sustentado en junio de 2019, como requisito para optar al título de doctor en Filosofía por la Universidad del Valle en Cali, Colombia. La tesis fue dirigida por el profesor Julio César Vargas Bejarano y el jurado evaluador estuvo compuesto por los profesores (...) Ana Patricia No- guera, Javier San Martín y Esteban Marín Ávila. (shrink)

Philosophe et penseur du politique, intellectuel marxiste et militant communiste, enseignant, directeur de collection... : à travers le rayonnement de son oeuvre et de sa personne, Louis Althusser a renouvelé la théorie politique et la philosophie de l'histoire, de Machiavel à Marx. Parmi ses contemporains, Michel Foucault exhorte : " Ouvrez les livres d'Althusser! ", Jacques Derrida évoque " la force rayonnante et provocante de sa pensée ", Gilles Deleuze salue l'" Althusser's Band ", et pour Roland Barthes, " le (...) seul modèle acceptable de la science est celui mis au jour par les études d'Althusser sur Marx ". Aliocha Wald Lasowski converse avec vingt écrivains et philosophes qui ont lu, rencontré, parfois travaillé avec Althusser, quand ils n'ont pas fait partie de ses proches. Où l'on mesure à quel point la pensée d'Althusser demeure d'une actualité brûlante. (shrink)

The Luck Problem has existed in one form or another since David Hume, at least. It is perhaps as old as Stoic objections to the Epicurean swerve. Although the general issue admits of different formulations with subtly different emphases, the characterization of it that will serve as my target focuses on “cross-worlds” luck, a kind of luck that arises when the decision-making of agents is indeterministic.

In _Time’s Causal Power_, Antonio Vargas explains how Proclus (412-485 C.E.) developed the unique theory that time is a cause and a god, the world’s first unmoved mover by addressing Aristotle’s criticisms of Plato’s claim that time is a change.

Se presenta al iusnaturalismo clásico, especialmente el defendido por Tomás de Aquino, como alternativa digna de reconocimiento en la actual situación de dispersión-y también de confusión- en que se encuentra la filosofía del derecho. La empresa intelectual que se ha intentado concretar en este libro es la mediación entre los resultados de los estudios sobre la ley natural y las líneas centrales de la argumentación teórica moderna con el fin de plantear en una nueva perspectiva el múltiple debate iusfilosófico de (...) nuestros días. Aquí se ha tratado de abordar algunos de los principales tópicos de la iusfilosofía actual, poniendo en diálogo al iusnaturalismo de raíz clásica con las principales propuestas de la filosofía del derecho actual, reinterpretándolo para hacerlo comprensible, interesante y expresivo para los hombres de comienzos del siglo XXI. (shrink)

The paper engages Christopher Boorse’s Bio-Statistical Theory. In its current form, BST runs into a significant challenge. For BST to account for its central tenet—that lower-level part-dysfunction is sufficient for higher-level pathology—it must provide criteria for how to decide which lower-level parts are the ones to be analyzed for health or pathology. As BST is a naturalistic theory, such choices must be based solely on naturalistic considerations. An argument is provided to show that, if BST is to be preserved, such (...) parthood choices are based on non-naturalistic considerations. We demonstrate that even when parthood choices are based on the best way to preserve BST, there are counterintuitive results which bring the central tenet of BST into question. (shrink)